Resolution of Singularities in Characteristic Zero

3.3. Analytic spaces🔗

Lean names in this section are shown relative to AnalyticSpace, Manifold, AnalyticManifold, TopologicalSpace, Topology, Filter, Set.

The resolution of analytic spaces (Theorem 4.3.5.5, Theorem 4.3.6.1) is stated for K-analytic spaces in Hironaka's sense [Hir64, Ch. 0, §1], K = \mathbb{R} or \mathbb{C} (RCLike K): locally ringed spaces locally isomorphic to the zero set of finitely many analytic functions with the quotient structure sheaf. The library builds them from Mathlib's locally ringed spaces in the namespace AnalyticSpace, where the theorems are also stated, so that their names are those of this chapter.

3.3.1. K-local-ringed spaces🔗

Definition3.3.1.1source[Hir64, Ch. 0, §1, p. 119] ↗
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A KLocallyRingedSpace K is a locally ringed space (toLocallyRingedSpace) with a structural ring homomorphism algebraMap : K →+* Γ(X, 𝒪_X), the ring form of a morphism to \operatorname{Spec} K. Its morphisms (Hom, with underlying map Hom.toFun) are the morphisms of locally ringed spaces commuting with the structural homomorphisms, forming the category \mathfrak{R}/K (instCategory) with isomorphisms KIso. An open subset gives the open subspace X|_U (restrictOpen) with its open immersion (ofRestrict), and a factorization of a K-morphism through another is a K-morphism (Hom.ofFac). The coercion instCoeSortType lets X stand for its type of points.

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An analytic manifold M is a K-local-ringed space (M, \mathcal{O}_M) with the sheaf of analytic functions (KLocallyRingedSpace.ofManifold); an analytic map induces a K-morphism by precomposition (ofManifoldBase, ofManifoldSheafHom, ofManifoldHomAux, ofManifoldHom). With Hironaka's axioms verified, M is an analytic space \operatorname{Sp}(M) (toSpace) and an analytic map a morphism \operatorname{Sp}(f) (toSpaceHom).

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3.3.2. Local models and quotients🔗

Definition3.3.2.1source[Hir64, Ch. 0, §1] ↗
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The local models: Kn K n is K^n (placed in the universe of the construction), AnalyticFun K n G the analytic functions on an open G \subseteq K^n, affine K n the K-local-ringed space (K^n, \mathcal{A}_{K^n}) and analyticSpaceOfOpen K n G its open subspace (G, \mathcal{A}_G), into whose global sections analytic functions map by toGlobal. Finitely many analytic functions f_1, \dots, f_k on G generate an ideal sheaf (IdealSheaf.ofGlobal, modelIdeal), and the local analytic space localModel K n G f is the quotient (S(\mathcal{I}), (\mathcal{A}_G/\mathcal{I})|_{S(\mathcal{I})}) by it.

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Definition3.3.2.2source[Hir64, Ch. 0, §1] ↗
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The quotient of a locally ringed space X by an ideal sheaf \mathcal{J} of finite type is the locally ringed space (S(\mathcal{J}), (\mathcal{O}_X/\mathcal{J})|_{S(\mathcal{J})}) (QuotientSpace.quotientSpace) [Hir64, Ch. 0, §1]; [BM97, §3]. Its points are the support S(\mathcal{J}) = \{z : \mathcal{J}_z \ne \mathcal{O}_{X,z}\} (support, with preimage of opens), and its sections over an open set are the families of classes in the fibres \mathcal{O}_{X,z}/\mathcal{J}_z (fiber, stalkIdeal) that are locally the classes of one ambient section (prelocalPred, localPred). These form a sheaf of rings (sheafTypes with its ring instance, sectionsSubring, presheafCommRing, sheafCommRing). The canonical morphism into X sends an ambient section to its family of classes (classFamily, classHom, ιTop, ιHom) and has local stalk maps (isLocalHom_stalkMap), giving the closed embedding QuotientSpace.ι. With the induced K-structure this is KLocallyRingedSpace.quotient and quotientι.

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3.3.3. Analytic spaces and their morphisms🔗

Definition3.3.3.1source[Hir64, Ch. 0, §1, p. 120] ↗
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An analytic K-space (AnalyticSpace K) is a K-local-ringed space (toKLocallyRingedSpace) every point of which has a neighbourhood K-isomorphic to an open subspace of a local model, and which is Hausdorff and countable at infinity (Kollár's "separable"). The analytic spaces form the full subcategory An/K (instCategory): a morphism f : X ⟶ Y is a K-morphism of the underlying K-local-ringed spaces (Hom, a named type so that dot notation works on morphisms), and composition is the category's ≫, in diagrammatic order. A space has a type of points (the coercion instCoeSortType), a morphism has an underlying map (Hom.toFun, the coercion ⇑f given by the instance instCoeFunHom…), and an isomorphism of analytic spaces is an isomorphism in An/K (IsIso f). A space is reduced (IsReduced) if every stalk is reduced. Its simple points (regularLocus) are those whose local ring is regular, the singular locus (singularLocus) is their complement, and X is non-singular (IsNonsingular) if every point is simple.

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Definition3.3.3.2source[Hir64, Ch. 0, §1, p. 120] ↗
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An open subspace of an analytic space is an analytic space (restrictOpen). The statements restrict along arbitrary sets: restrictSet X U is X|_U when U is open and X itself otherwise (through openOf), which keeps restriction of morphisms total. The restriction f|_{f^{-1}(V)} \colon X|_{f^{-1}(V)} \to Y|_V of a morphism (Hom.restrictSet) is the lift of f through the open immersion of Y|_V, possible because f maps f^{-1}(V) into V (range_toFun_ofRestrict_comp_subset). f.IsIsoOver V, "f restricts to an isomorphism f^{-1}(V) \to V", is IsIso (f.restrictSet V).

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Definition3.3.3.3source[Kol07, Definition 24] ↗
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A closed analytic subspace of X (AnalyticSpace.ClosedSubspace X) is given by its ideal sheaf of finite type, a Manifold.IdealSheaf of the structure sheaf, with support S(\mathcal{I}) = \{x : \mathcal{I}_x \ne \mathcal{O}_{X,x}\} (support, Definition 3.1.3.1). The quotient by it is again an analytic space (AnalyticSpace.closedSubspace, by quotient_locallyModel), with its canonical morphism into X (closedSubspaceι).

E.IsSncBoundaryWith D is Kollár's Definition 24 on an analytic space, at the level of stalks and on global components: there is a locally finite family of closed subspaces such that at every point some regular system of parameters cuts out each component through the point by one member, distinct components by distinct members, E by the product of those members, and, at points of D, D by some of the members. E.IsSncBoundary is the case D = X: E is the reduced divisor of a simple normal crossings family.

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3.3.4. Resolution assignments🔗

Definition3.3.4.1source[Kol07, Theorem 45] ↗
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A type C of inputs has underlying spaces (HasUnderlyingSpace) when every input has an underlying K-analytic space: the spaces themselves, and the full subcategories of the spaces of a class. A ResolutionAssignment C assigns to every input X a space R(X) (space) and a morphism \Pi_X \colon R(X) \to X (map) to its underlying space: Kollár's resolution functor R \colon X \mapsto (\Pi_X \colon R(X) \to X). It carries no conditions; the properties that the resolution of analytic spaces asserts of it are stated with that theorem (Theorem 4.3.5.5), whose inputs are the reduced spaces; the constructions behind it produce assignments on all spaces.

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